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Social Structure Essay, Research Paper

Social Structure: framework that surrounds us, consisting of the relationships of people and groups to one another, which give direction to and set limits on behavior.

Social Institutions: organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs.

Ascribed Status: refers to positions that an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life. age, gender, race, wealth, sibling

Achieved Status: refers to positions that are earned, accomplished, or involve at least some effort/activity on part of individual occupation, wife, athlete, parent, friend, graduate

Status Inconsistency: contradiction/mismatch between statuses. Gertrude from Ghana.

Dramaturgy: theoretical perspectives that analyzes social life using the analogy of the stage or theatre.

Front Stage: where performances are given; public arena

Back Stage: where people rest from their performances, discuss presentations, plan future performances. (Goffman: still performing roles here)

Role Performance: the way in which someone performs a role w/in the limits that the role provides; showing a particular style or personality. Different teachers teach different ways.

Impression Management: people’s efforts to control the impression that others have of them.

“Ferdinand Tonnies”

Gemeinschaft: type of society in which life is intimate; a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness. Gosssip: mechanism for maintaining group cohesion. Guy losing family, getting rejected by village.

Gesellschaft: type of society dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments, and self interest. gesSELLshaft capitalistic/modern society sells

Role Conflict: conflicts that an individual feels between two or more roles because the expectations attached to one role are incompatible w/the expectations of another role.

Role Strain: conflicts that someone feels w/in same role. teachers: encouraging students but having to grade them; physicians: make you feel better but give painful treatments.

Ideas to know and understand from the lecture

? The relationship and similarity between the concepts of gemeinshaft, gesellschaft and mechanical and organic solidarity.

? The functions of social institutions as defined by a structural functionalism and conflict theory.

? The difference between ascribed and achieved status, as well as the ability to apply each concept given an example.

? The meaning of status inconsistency, as well as the ability to apply the concept given an example.

? You should understand Erving Goffman’s theory of dramaturgy and the associated concepts of front stage, back stage, role performance, and impression management.

? The difference between role conflict and role strain and the ability to distinguish between the two given examples.

Write definitions along with an example other than the ones given in the textbook.

Macrosociology: analysis of social life focusing on broad features of social structure, such as social class and the relationships of groups to one another; an approach usually used by functionalist and conflict theorists. Gallop polls examine the large-scale social forces by sampling numerous people rather than doing one-on-one interviews.

Microsociology: analysis of social life focusing on social interaction; an approach usually used by symbolic interactionists. Psychiatrists focus on how what people do when they come together impacts their social lives.

Social Interaction: what people do when they are in the presence of one another. A preacher counseling a young married couple. He hits her.

Status: the position that someone occupies in society or a social group. The owner of a salon, even though she performs services also, has more clout and is distinguished.

Status Set: all the statuses or positions that an individual has. The salon owner is married to another business owner, is middle class, is a female, etc. These aspects all form her set.

Status Symbol: items used to identify a status. A stethoscope identifies medical statuses.

Master Status: a status that cuts across the other statuses than an individual occupies. Being considered attractive in your culture

Role: the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status. They lay out what is expected of people. On a date, my role is to get everything paid for for me.

Thomas Theorem: William I. Thomas’ classic formulation of the definition of the situation: “If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.” If you think you are going to heaven after you die, you do everything in your life thinking of that.

Social Construction of Reality: the process by which people use their background assumptions and life experiences to define what is real for them.

Ideas that you should know and understand from the textbook:

? The distinction between macrosociology and mirosociology and the analytical orientation of each of the three theoretical perspectives in sociology.

? You should be able to distinguish between a status and a role and have an understanding of master status (read inserts on Christopher Reeve and Stephen Hawking.)

? You are to read and understand the social construction of reality as it is exemplified in the “Gynecological Examination” on pages 119-120.

People that you should know from this chapter:

? Ferdinand Tonnies

? Emile Durkheim

? Erving Goffman

Chapter Seven

Terms to know and understand from Lecture:

Rationalization of Society: a widespread acceptance of rationality and a social organization

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