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Ideal Type: Max Weber: composite of characteristics based on many specific examples, purely rational model.

Quality Circles: group of approximately 12 workers, 1-2 managers who meet regularly to discuss ways to improve quality within the organization. It’s the people at the bottom that know. It’s not efficient because nothing ever happens as a result of these meetings.

Self-Managed Work Teams (Small Work Groups): small groups/teams of individuals who work together to perform their job. Loyalty increase, absenteeism decreases, and produces harder workers.

Employee Stock Ownership: employees purchase the firm’s stock at a discount or as part of their salary. When employees own the majority of the stock, the firm is more profitable and there exists less tension as opposed to the firms where employees own only a tiny amount of the stock

Corporate Day Care: facilities at work. Absenteeism decreases, shorter maternity leaves, decreased turnover (quitting and leaving your job), corporation saves money.

Ideas to know and understand from Lecture:

? The relationship between the rationalization of society and the shift from mechanical to organic solidarity, gemeinshaft to gesellshaft. (Table 7.1 pa 175 from text)

? You should understand the relationship between organization changes such as quality control circles, self-managed work teams, employee stock ownership, and corporate day care on the bureaucratic structure.

? You should know and understand what it is meant by an “Ideal Type” and the theorist that is credited with that concept.

Write definitions along with an example other than the ones given in the textbook.

Formal Organization: a secondary group designed to achieve explicit objectives. College is a formal organization that we’ve started to take for granted.

Bureaucracy: a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority; a clear division of labor; emphasis on written rules, communications, and records; and impersonality of positions. Supreme Court.

Five Characteristics of Bureaucracy

1. Clear cut levels, with assignments flowing downward and accountability flowing upward. Everyone has a job and they have to answer to someone “higher up” than them.

2. A division of labor. Each worker has a specific task that they’ve been trained to do.

3. Written rules. If there isn’t a written rule covering it, it isn’t allowed.

4. Written communications and records. Fill that out in triplicate, memos, publications, testimonies to service, email etc.

5. Impersonality. We’re all “robots” that can be replaced easily.

Six dysfunctions of a bureaucracy w/a summary explanation of each

1. Red Tape: A Rule is a Rule. Procedures impede the purpose of the organization.

2. Lack of Communication Between Units. When units are so specialized they forget to cross reference the long term goals and hinder the purpose of the organization.

3. Bureaucratic Alienation: Estrangement from limited creativity, lost sense of contribution and loss of identity with final products.

4. Resisting Alienation: workers form primary groups at work, rejecting an identity as mere machines that exist to perform functions.

5. The Alienated Bureaucrat: doesn’t do anything for the organization beyond what they’re absolutely required to do, uses rules to justify doing as little as possible.

6. Bureaucratic Incompetence: Peter Principle; employees are promoted to their level of incompetence. They’re promoted until they can’t handle the responsibilities well.

McDonaldization of society: the process by which ordinary aspects of life are rationalized and efficiency comes to rule such things as food preparation.

alienation: Marx’s term for the experience of being cut off from the product of one’s labor that results in a sense of powerlessness and normlessness.

Peter principle: a bureaucratic “law” according to which the members of an organization are promoted for good work until they reach their level of incompetence, the level at which they can no longer do good work.

Iron Law of Oligarchy: Robert Michels’ phrase for the tendency of formal organizations to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite.

Goal displacement: a goal displaced by another; in this context, the adoption of new goals by an organization; also known as goal replacement.

Ideas that you should know and understand

You should know the characteristics of a bureaucracy as well as the dysfunctions of a bureaucracy.

You should know what is meant by the McDonaldization of society and be able to identify it as it exists in your social world.

Read and understand the perspectives box on page 194 of your text. Cultural Diversity Around the World.

People that you should know:

Max Weber

Karl Marx

Chapter 8

Ideas and terms from Lecture

Social Construction/Relativity of Deviance: Piercing Exercise

Deviance Theories

Biological Theories of deviance: Underlying Assumption: Deviance is the result of genetic predispositions to commit deviant acts

1. Deviant individuals are less intelligent

2. The “XYZ” theory: an extra Y chromosome in males leads to crime.

3. The Body Type theory: people with square, muscular body builds are more likely to commit street crimes.

Psychological Theories of deviance: Underlying Assumption: deviance is the result of a personality disorder within the individual

1. Sociopath

Sociological Theories of deviance

A. Structural Functionalist Theory: Underlying Assumption: Deviance performs both functions and dysfunctions for society

1.

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