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50. Ильиш Б.А. История английского языка. М. 1968

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52. Плоткин В.Я. Динамика английской фонологической системы. Новосибирск, 1967.

53. Смирницкий А.И. История английского языка (средний и новый периоды). М., МГУ, 1965.

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57. Ярцева В.Н. Развитие национального литературного английского языка. М., 1969. Appendix

following phonetic differences should be mentioned:

. Vowel system:

[æ] is used in AE where in BC they have [a:], as in plant, grass, half, bath

[Λ] occurs in AE where in BE [o], is implied as in body, shot, hot.

[І] or [ə] is used in AE where the BE uses [ai], as in civilization, specialization, but in some cases the reverse can be observed, when the BE monophthongs is diphthonized in AE, as in simultaneously, direct.

[u] is used in AE instead of [ju] in BE, as in suit, duty, knew, Tuesday, student.

. Consonant system:

[t] Is voiced in the intervocalic position and before “l”, as in letter, little, bitter, battle.

[t] Is lost after “n”: twenty, wanted.

[l] Is clear or soft in BE and in AE as in lamp, luck, look.

[r] Is pronounced in such positions as father, dirt, far, car.grammatical system of the language is more or less stable. Still we can find some differences there:

. Verb system:verbs regarded as irregular in British English, are treated as regular in American English.: learnt, dreamt, spelt, smelt: learned, dreamed, spelled, smelled

. Usage of prepositions:English American Englishthe street On the streetof doing something Nervous about doing somethingof Membership into Chat withJune to December From June through Decemberthe weekend On the weekendspeaking, Americans tend to omit prepositions where British carefully insert them. This tendency to simplify grammatical constructions can be illustrated by different forms of grammatical tenses and moods:English American Englishyou got a pencil? Do you have a pencil?said that I should go with him. He said to go with him.colloquial speech Americans very often omit auxiliary “have” in the constructions: I had better go (АА: I better go) or use adverbs without -ly:English American Englishwent out slowly. He went out slow.felt awfully sleepy. I felt awful sleepy.the sphere of vocabulary the difference between British and American English lies in the intensity of the process. American English is more open to neologisms. Among the most productive ways of word-formation conversion must be mentioned. Back formation is also very productive:bus, to edit, to laze, to fax etc.kinds of shortenings are very popular with the Americans:, copter (helicopter), motel, auditeria etc.is possible to distinguish three types of vocabulary in American English:

. General English word-stock

. Common ideas, expressed by different words

. The same words having different meanings

. Words, expressing realia, with no counterpart in the other variant:

Nowadays the difference in the vocabulary is very difficult to trace because a great number of Americanisms are borrowed into British English.differences

British English American Englishdown breakdownup makeupup blowup

Thus, we can see that the most popular tendency in American English is to simplify spelling, grammar and phonetics. American English has its own peculiarities and can be distinguished between other variants of the English language.

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