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1 unflattering — невиграшний

4 to cheat — обдурювати, дурити,

2 to sacrifice — жертвувати обманювати

3 to be injured — отримати травму, каліцтво

5 furthermore — більш того

6 celebrity — знаменитість

5.2. Прочитайте та перекажіть текст.

1. Tattooing.

2. Body art in Indian tribes.

3. Tattooing in non-Western-cultures.

4. The reasons to use body art.

5. The ways to alter the body appearance.

ü Key Words:

Vary dramatically; example of tattooing; elaborate patterns; a decline in this custom; practice is found; saucer-like discs; common; on the contrary; to rebel against society; tattoos in foreign languages; fashionable with men; a mark of social status; on the contrary; to rebel against society; tattoos in foreign languages; fashionable with men; a mark of social status; a means of; decoration; to stand out from the crowd; appearance; under the skin.

Tattooing can be found all over the world, though its style and its meaning vary dramatically. Tattooing has long featured in the cultures of the Japanese, Polynesians and Native Americans. The practices of the Maoris of New Zealand provide striking example of tattooing. They are well-known for the elaborate patterns with which they traditionally decorated their faces. Integration with white settlers led to a decline1 in this custom, but it is now regaining popularity amongst young Maoris.

Native American Indians are known to have pierced the lower lip, and today this practice is found in tribes across Africa and South America. The Sam tribe of central Africa, for example, traditionally pierce and then stretch their lips with saucer-like discs. Nose piercing is common in India, South America and Africa, as is ear piercing.

In non-Western-cultures, tattooing and piercing have recently declined, as these societies try to "catch up" with the West. On the contrary, in the West their popularity is ever increasing. Until recently, body art in our culture was mainly found in groups such as sailors and convicts, or those wanting to rebel against society, like the punks of the 1970s. Over the last decade body art has moved into the mainstream and it is increasingly socially acceptable.

Almost every part of the body can be pierced or tattooed. In the West facial piercing is popular (especially through the eyebrow, lip, and tongue), as are navel piercing. David Beckham, the famous British footballer, recently sparked craze for tattoos in foreign languages when he had his wife's name, Victoria, tattooed on his forearm2 in Hindi Polynesia style. Tattoos of large swirling blocks of colour are currently fashionable with men; while women still tend to favour smaller, less visible tattoos.

People use body art for a range of reasons. In the past tattoos have been used as a mark of social status, to ward off3 demons and ill health. They have also been used as a means of identifying and punishing convicts, slaves and outcasts4. However, these days most people use body art simply as decoration.

As tattooing and piercing become increasingly common however, some people are resorting5 to more extreme methods of body modification to stand out from the crowd. "Body branding"6, for example, is a dramatic (and dangerous) practice which is gaining in popularity. It involves searing the skin with red-hot metal, in some shape or pattern, to leave a permanent scar.

Implanting is another extreme way in which people alter7 their body's appearance . Somewhat similar to body piercing, it involves the painful insertion of metal objects under the skin. One example of implanting is the insertion of horn shaped objects under the skin of the forehead, giving a "devil-like" appearance.

ü Commentary:

1 to decline — зменшувати 2 forearm — передпліччя

3 to ward off — відвертати 4 outcast — вигнанець

5 to resort — звертатися6 body brand — тавро

7 to alter — міняти, змінювати 6.2.Прочитайте та перекажіть текст.

1. Unusual deductive abilities of a famous Edinburgh surgeon.

2. The influence of Joseph Bell on a young A. Conan Doyle.

3. Dr Bell's help to police.

4. The way to change our world.

ü Key Words:

A famous Edinburgh surgeon; unusual deductive abilities; observe; rapid observation; means of living; hand in hand with; complicated crimes; the character; a scientific detective; popularized his ideas; the world of bore­dom; adventure; the power of observation; keep our eyes open.

One evening, about the turn of the last century, several guests sat around a dinner table discussing famous murders and unsolved crimes. One of the guests, Dr Joseph Bell, a famous Edinburgh surgeon and university professor, surprised the others with his unusual deductive abilities.

"The trouble with most people", he said, "is that they see, but do not observe. Any really good detective ought to be able to tell, before a stranger has sat down, his occupation, habits, and past history through rapid observation and deduction. Glance at a man and you find his nationality written on his face, his means of living on his hands, and the rest of the story in his gait1, manners, tattoo marks, and clothes".

One of the guests remarked, "Why, Dr Bell might almost be Sherlock Hol­mes". "My dear sir, I am Sherlock Holmes", Dr Bell said. Dr Bell was not joking. He was, indeed, the original Sherlock Holmes, the prototype for the famous Conan Doyle's creation. As

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