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between regions became figuratively shorter. Nash notes that this has been called The Transportation Revolution.8 It helped America overcome the difficulties that had been hindering the development of an efficient manufacturing industry. Heilbroner recounts that with transportation problems pretty much solved, manufacturers began to find willing laborers in the flood of immigrants that came to Boston in the early 1800s. They were desperate and easily exploitable, and willing to work for meager wages under barely sustainable conditions. Meanwhile, American enthusiasm to experiment provided a wide variety of improved tools and gadgets that would increase productivity and efficiency.9 With things set into place, industrialization was under way.

To entrepreneurial capitalists, the benefits of industrialization outweighed the negative aspects. More goods could be produced for less cost. In addition, they could now unload their increased amount of products in the far away markets that had previously been inaccessible Many factory owners shared the view that factory work was good for their employees and helped build character. Industrialization produced heavy pollution, but to most capitalists this was of little concern. 10

Industrialization created new products such as clocks, books, and other various knick-knacks that improved the qualities of life, were inexpensive, and were available to the general population at all class levels. 11But more importantly for the working class, industrialization brought long hours, low wages, and immoral working conditions. Industrialization transformed the working class into “wage slaves” and the factory owners became the masters. It created larger gaps between the distribution of wealth. Industrialization encouraged people to turn to a more consumer oriented lifestyle, and pulled them away from living as individual farmers. The negative aspects, however, were overshadowed by the economy that was growing rapidly and unstoppable.

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