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) the speaker’s reluctance or inability to use the Agent.speaker may not want to mention the Agent for the sake of tact, or he/ she may want to avoid making explicit reference to the Agent and thus give the writing a more objective flavour, or he/she simply may not know who carried out the process. Consider:

A man was killed yesterday.room has not been cleaned.

3) the speaker’s wish to avoid semantic redundancy, i.e. to avoid non-informative constituents. Consider:

English is spoken in many countries (instead of People speak English in many countries).

As already known, the category of voice is based on transitive verbs, i.e. verbs associated with at least two nouns whose semantic roles are characteristically those of an Agent and an Affected (Patient). The passive voice is an analytic form: it is built up by means of the corresponding tense of the auxiliary verb be and the past participle of the given verb.all active-voice transitive-verb sentences have passive counterparts? In reference grammars we are advised not to passivize the future progressive and perfect progressive forms. Instead of the said forms the learner is advised to use the corresponding non-progressive forms. Cf.

John will be writing the letter. - The letter will be written by John.has been writing the letter for an hour. - The letter has been written by John for an hour.

Such constructions as The letter will be being written by John and The letter has been being written by John for an hour, clumsy as they may look, are to be found in spoken and written English.Armenian Passive verbs are formed by combining the infinitive or the perfect stem with the suffix -վ- + the infinitive ending -ել:

Վաճառել to sell - վաճառվել to be sold

Կարդալ to read - կարդացի - կարդացվել to be read

Passive verbs are conjugated like regular verbs ending in -ել + auxiliary verb

Present: կոչվում եմ, կոչվում ես, կոչվում է etc

Imperfect: կոչվում էի, կոչվում էիր, կոչվում էր, etc

Future I: կոչվելու եմ, կոչվելու ես, կորվելու է, etc

Future II: կոչված եմ լինելու, կոչված ես լինելու, կոչված է լինելու, etc.: կոչվել եմ, կոչվել ես, կորվել է, etc.the past (aorist) tence is formed by the stem without an auxiliary verb:: կոչվեցի, կոչվեցիր, կոչվեց, etc. 1.2 The problems of Voice

two constructions have been the subject of many discussions in the linguistic literature. Some linguists are against this interpretation. So, for instance, L.S. Barkhudarov and L.A. Shteling argue that in such cases we have a passive voice; the idea of state is not inherent to the construction as a whole but to the past participle whose actual meaning is determined by the meaning of the verb it derives from. It is only in the context that we can say which is which. The scholars think that it is only when the past participle has been subjected to adjectivization that we can speak of a nominal predicate construction, e.g. I am very interested. B. Khaimovich and B. Rogovskaya are inclined to believe that such constructions as. The door was closed cannot be treated as passive. These are ‘passive’ constructions which have no active counterparts. Consider another example:

His duty is fulfilled. The sentence corresponds rather to He has fulfilled his duty rather than to He fulfills his duty.

M. Blokh thinks that the grammatical status of a construction is determined not by the meaning in isolation; it is determined by the semantic properties of its constituents, its participial part in particular. If the participle expresses a process, then the whole construction is passive and if the participle expresses a result, the whole construction is a nominal predicate. Cf.

You are mistaken. vs. I was often mistaken for my friend.for the sentence The door was closed, the participle is wholly neutralized and only a living context may deneutralize it both ways. Cf.

The door was closed by the janitor.door is often closed.door on the left was closed, and the door on the right was open.

To ‘voice stimulating’ means belong the forms of the future, the progressive and the perfect.main differences between the two types of passives are:

. Get-passives are characteristically used in sentences involving adversity or benefit (e.g. Kim got sacked. vs. Kim got promoted);

. Get-passives tend to be avoided in formal style., get is not a grammatical word-morpheme; it is not devoid of lexical content. Hence, it is not an analytic construction in this sense (Gregory Ward, Betty Birner, Rodney Huddleston, 2002).differ as to the number of voices in Modern English. Most linguists recognize only two voices - active and passive. Some (e.g. B. Ilyish) speak of the reflexive voice which shows that the process passes on to the subject, e.g. John is shaving himself., John is shaving himself derives from John + pres. be + ing shave + John. The derivation shows that John is both the Subject and the Objective Complement, or, in semantic terms, John is both the Agent and the Affected (patient). This is an explicitly reflexive construction, i.e. a construction in which the Affected is actualized as a reflexive pronoun. This function may not be realized in the surface structure, i.e. reflexivity may not be stated explicitly, e. g.

He never shaves before lunch.

Inexplicit-reflexive constructions are not very common in English.analyst is faced with the linguistic status of self-pronouns. The problem is whether self-pronouns used in such sentences as John is shaving himself are auxiliary words (grammatical

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