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He cut himself while shaving..A. Ilyish besides the three voices mentioned distinguishes two more: the reciprocal voice expressed with the help of each-other, one another and the neuter («middle») voice in such sentences as: The door opened. The college was filling up.conception reminds us Poutsma's view. He writes: «A passive meaning may also not seldom be observed in verbs that have thrown off the reflexive pronoun and have, consequently, become intransitive. Thus, we find it more or less distinctly in the verbs used in: Her eyes filled with tears…»cannot agree with arguments against these theories expressed by Khaimovich and Rogovskaya: «These theories do not carry much conviction, because:

) in cases like he washed himself it is not the verb that is reflexive but that pronoun himself used as a direct object;

) washed and himself are words belonging to different lexemes. They have different lexical and grammatical meanings;

) if we regard washed himself as an analytical word, it is necessary to admit that the verb has the categories of gender, person, non-person (washed himself-washed itself), that the categories of number and person are expressed twice in the word-group washed himself;

) similar objection can be raised against regarding washed each-other, washed one another as analytical forms of the reciprocal voice. The difference between «each other» and «one another» would become a grammatical category of the verb;

) A number of verbs express the reflexive meanings without the corresponding pronouns: He always washes in cold water. Kiss and be friends.

The grammatical categories of voice is formed by the opposition of covert and overt morphemes. The active voice is formed by a zero marker: while the passive voice is formed by (be-ed). So the active voice is the unmarked one and the passive-marked.

To ask - to be asked

The morpheme of the marked form we may call a discontinuous morpheme.the point of view of some grammarians O. Jespersen, O. Curme, G. Vorontsova verbs get / become + Participle II are passive constructions. Khaimovich and Rogovskaya seem to be right when they say that in such constructions get / become always retain lexical meanings.opinions are observed as to the P II..V. Vorontsova, L. Barkhudarov and D. Steling the combination be + PII in all cases treat as a passive voice if PII is not adjectivized (if particles very, too and adverbs of degree more (most) do not precede PII on the ground that PII first and foremost, a verb, the idea of state not being an evident to this structure but resulting from the lexical meaning of the verb and the context it occurs in).and Rogovskaya arguing against this conception write that in such cases as: His duty is fulfilled we deal with a link verb +P II since:

) it does not convey the idea of action, but that of state, the result of an action:

) The sentence correspond rather He has fulfilled his duty, as the perfective meaning of Participle II is particularly prominent.

1.1 Voice in English and Armenian

both languages voice is the grammatical category of the verb that shows the direction of the process in regard to the subject: in the active-voice construction, the process issues from the Subject; in the passive-voice construction, the process issues from the Agentive Adjunct.

In languages, voice is used to indicate whether the subject is the doer or the receiver of the action.) active voice: Մարդը ավտոմեքենան վաճառեց: The man sold the car.

In sentence (a), the grammatical subject մարդը is the doer of the action վաճառել while

Ավտոմեքենան the grammatical (direct) object is the receiver of the action վաճառել.) passive voice: Ավտոմեքենան վաճառվեց մարդու կողմից: The car was sold by the man.

In sentence (b), the word order is reversed: the original direct object ավտոմեքենան is brought into focus and placed in subject position, while the original subject մարդը is removed from focus and shifted to the position of indirect object. In sentence (b), the reallife role of the grammatical subject ավտոմեքենան is not an active but a passive one. To express this passivity the active verb վաճառել must be transformed into the passive verb վաճառվել.

Issuing from the Subject, the process affects the Objective Complement, and issuing from the Agentive Adjunct, it affects the Subject. To put it otherwise, in the active-voice construction, the Agent is turned into the Subject of the sentence and the Affected into the Objective Compliment while in the passive-voice construction the Affected is turned into the Subject2 and the Agent into the Agentive Adjunct. Cf.

1. The servant (Agent) beats the carpet (Affected) once a week.

. The carpet (Affected) is beaten by the servant (Agent) once a week.

Example (1) is called active because the Subject is aligned with an active role, the role of the Agent: the servant carries out the process. Example (2) is called passive because the Subject, the carpet, is associated with a passive role, the role of the Affected: the carpet is the entity on which the action is performed.question that may arise is: what motivates the process of passivization?motives are informational-pragmatic:

) the speaker’s wish to use the Agent as the Theme (the active construction) or the Affected as the Theme (the passive

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