Читать реферат по английскому: "Troilus And Cressida And Othello" Страница 1

(Назад) (Cкачать работу)

Troilus And Cressida And Othello – Love Tokens Essay, Research Paper

One Glove?s Just That?a Glove. But Given in Love, a Strawberry?s Blood.William Shakespeare wrote a huge number of plays in his life, most of which are categorized as a comedy, history, tragedy, or romance. While most are not strictly any single one of these, the designation of a play as belonging to one of these categories can change how one reads the work. Troilus and Cressida, one of Shakespeare?s lesser-known works, is one usually deemed a comedy. In it, the two lusty young characters for whom the play is titled find themselves coming together and then being torn apart by circumstances connected with the ever-continuing Trojan War. One of Shakespeare?s more famous tragedies is Othello, the Moor of Venice, in which jealousy, manipulation, and an insatiable hunger for power culminate in the death of nearly all of the main characters by the fall of the curtain. While these two plays are seemingly unrelated, they have similar components that are subtly used to expose the true natures of their characters. In relation to the monumental events that come to pass between characters in each of these plays, the love tokens they give one another may initially seem to be of only minor importance, crucial only to the plot as they change hands and intents. However, the underlying meanings of the tokens are an integral component to an understanding of each individual character as well as how he or she regards the person to whom the token is given. The events that transpire surrounding these items shed a telling light on the characters in each play and the relations that develop among them.

In Troilus and Cressida, Shakespeare plays with two lovers who, once they are finally able to act on their feelings for one another, are separated by a trade-off of prisoners of war between the Greeks and the Trojans. Cressida, who lives in Troy but whose father is a Greek, has been deemed an even trade for the Trojan prince Antenor who was captured by the Greeks in battle. This bartering of people between the sides is a bit ironic, as Troilus and Hector earlier in the play refer to Helen as goods (2.2.68-96) passing between kings turned merchants (2.2.83). In their discussion of her, they allude to her as spoiled silks being returned to the merchant (2.2.69-70), a blatant reference to Helen?s soiled honor. The decision to trade Cressida for Antenor and, consequently, the trade itself, transpire the morning after Troilus and Cressida spend the night together. She is, like Helen, tarnished goods being returned. As Troilus evaluates the tragedy of their affair:

We two, that with so many thousand sighs

Did buy each other, must poorly sell ourselves

With the rude brevity and discharge of one.(4.4.39-41)In these lines, Troilus manages to imply the dearness with which their encounter was awaited and the cheap and quick way it has ended by using the words ?buy? and ?sell,? thus assigning their affair a finite monetary value. Directly before the trade is to be made and Cressida handed over to the Greeks, she and Troilus exchange vows of their loyalty and undying love for one another and then tokens as tangible representations of these sentiments. Because they do this only when it is evident that they will separated forever, it is particularly fascinating to note exactly what objects they choose to give to one another: Troilus gives Cressida a sleeve and she gives him a glove.

Each of these tokens, while common enough as an object to exchange as a remembrance (footnote, 4.4.70), carries with it certain images and connotations of only superficial and temporary loyalty. First and foremost, each of these is only useful as part of a pair. There is no purpose in having only one glove or having only one sleeve. Therefore, if nothing else, they are both symbols of an incomplete and pointless promise. They are only the shells, the mere suggestions of hands and arms, where hands are for giving in marriage and swearing oaths and arms are for embracing and fighting in honorable battles (it should be noted that, as he fights defends the cause of the thieving Paris, Troilus does not). The token of the sleeve given by Troilus to his beloved Cressida is therefore a mere shadow of the arms with which he should be embracing her and defending her honor. Similarly, the glove which Cressida bestows upon Troilus is a superficial promise to be true?an empty, unsubstantiated vow which she arguably never intends to fulfill. When Pandarus greets Troilus the first time he arrives at Cressida?s, he partially quotes a legal formula commonly used in establishing a contract between parties (3.2.57-8). However, he breaks off in mid-sentence to bid Troilus enter while he orders a fire for the bedroom. The phrase which Pandarus omits is the part of the verbal contract which refers to the exchange of ?hand and seal? (footnote, 3.2.57-8). This serves as a suggestion of the marriage which will never occur as well as affirms the fact that the one event of importance to these three characters is merely a sexual encounter between Troilus and Cressida. Having left off in the midst of talking about a permanent situation between them in favor of inviting Troilus in and kindling a fire in the bedroom?a reference to the flames of passion?Pandarus has, in effect, foregone any obligation that the ensuing encounter would, under ?typical? circumstances have been a result of.

When a woman?s hand was given in marriage, she became the possession of the man to whom it was symbolically given. A lady?s hand, in being given to a man, is a symbol of both her status as his property and a legal and binding contract between them for her to remain so. Upon the trade of Cressida for Antenor being decided, Aeneas explains to Troilus that ?We must give up to Diomedes? hand/ The Lady Cressida? (4.2.67-8). A hand is not only a possession, if it is a

Похожие работы