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In the last week of August 1939, it became clear that Hitler’s designs on Danzig and the Polish Corridor were about to embroil him in a war with Britain and France. Fascist Italy had deserted Germany just as liberal Italy had done in 1940. Fascist Italy was not ready for the war. German grant strategy called for the Italian war effort to concentrate on the Mediterranean and North Africa. The military defeats in the Alps, the Balkans, the Mediterranean, and Africa-exposed with startling suddenness the sham of Italian Fascism.

The Italian state was left to drift further because of Mussolini’s fatalistic streak. On December 11, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy jointly declared war on the United States. An impetus of change was a galloping deterioration of the military situation. Relations between King Victor Emmanuel and Mussolini were always formally correct. In end, as Mussolini’s downfall spread, there was shouting in streets-mostly in celebration. Mussolini was sent to prison in an ambulance for his unwise decisions. Nowhere to be seen was a Fascist insurrection; it was the final end to the Fascist movement.

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