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The items on the JPI-R are the same as those included in the original JPI. Accordingly, findings bearing on the JPI’s psychometric properties are applicable to the JPI-R. From current college standardization samples and a sample of students from University of Rhode Island, the two college samples developed a median on internal consistency reliabilities. Both (Bentler’s Theta) were identical to .78, which represented moderate reliability. Data on JPI validity include analyses of two multi-trait multi-method matrices employing adjective checklist (r= .66), self rating (r= .76), and peer ratings (r= .32) on empathy. Hundreds of correlations of JPI scales with a variety of criteria, ranging from occupational preferences to attitudes toward marijuana use, are reported in Jackson’s (1994) manual.

Procedure

The study was administered with two different sessions in a lecture hall. Before participants received the BSRI and the JPI-R, they were given an informed consent form, which stated the purpose of the research. The informed consent also informed the participants that their participation was voluntary in the study, and they could refrain from answering any question(s) at any time during the testing period. All consent forms were read, and signed before the administration of the study. With no time limit, the Bem Sex-Role Inventory and the revision of Jackson Personality Inventory were administered, and collected from the participants as they completed the survey. Afterward, participants were thanked for their time and participation, and left the hall.

Result

All statistical tests were used an alpha level of 0.05. The scales of Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) and Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI-R) were used to measure the relation between masculinity and empathy. Correlation analysis was used to test the hypothesis, that the mean of masculinity (M= 4.98, SD= .71) and empathy (M= 12.81, SD= 3.67) had found a significant negative correlation among them, r (126) = -.15, p * .05.

Discussion

It was hypothesized that there is a significant positive correlation between masculinity and empathy. Results showed that the study did not produce a statistically significant effect, which cause not to reach conventional level of statistical significance due to chance in difference. This result did not agree with our hypothesis. This study failed to replicate the positive correlation in relationship between masculinity and empathy.

These results are in partial agreement with previous research. We found that there is a significant negative correlation between masculinity and empathy. This study replicated the result from findings of Watson, et al., PAQ and Mehrabian and Epstein empathy measure. Nevertheless, this study did not replicate results for our hypothesis.

There is a limitation in generalizing the present results. Because our sample consists of university students and does not include any students who are in male-dominated fields such as science and medicine, our sample is not perfectly representative of university, society or whole population. Generalization of the present results must be only to the population similar to this sample. Students who are in male-dominated fields, young people who are not students, and people in a different age, cultural, socioeconomic group may have different gender role perceptions and show different results from the present study. Another limitation may lie in the method we used. Although we randomly picked the participants’ ratings either for men or for women, originally the participants rated the desirability for both men and women. Therefore, there is a possibility that their ratings are exaggerated due to the contrast. Further study using a different method in which one person rates the desirability only for one gender is necessary to overcome this limitation. As psychologists and groups developed their own scales, the assessment of masculinity- femininity and personality orientation by scales and measurements has decisively different by divergent perspective. Lastly, despite the widespread use and evaluation of different scales, their method of test construction might be critically needed to reassess (Schenk et al, 1985). Most psychologists and research groups constructed their scales in reflecting their cultural, biological, socioeconomic or sexual differentiation. This might result in misleading pieces from the study. To conclude, assumption of extraneous variables control, representative samplings, reliability and validity should be considered before conducting and evaluating on particular study.

In the future research, one important avenue for future research is to find better ways to perform studies similar to this one. Other scales, in different fields of knowledge could lead to distinct results or could obtain similar results, strengthening the conclusions. The use of more than one method could also lead to more complete answers. Therefore, variations of the

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