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The Executive of the Union consists of the President, currently Shankar

Dayal Sharma, the Vice President and the Council of Ministers with the

Prime Minister, who currently is H.D. Deve Gowdo, at the head to help and

and advise the President. President is more of a ceremonial position. He

acts on the advice from the Council of Ministers. The president is elected

by members of an electoral college consisting of elected members from the

House of Parliament and the Legislative Assemblies of the states. The

voting requirements in India are that you must be 21 years of age and you

can be either male or female. His term in office is five years. ?The

president has power to give himself all or any of the functions of the

government of a state if there is a failure in the constitution machinery?

(Netscape n.p.). The vice president is elected by an electoral college and is

an Ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. He serves a term of five

years. In the states, the governor is the head of the Executive, but most

of the power is with the Chief Minister who heads the Council of Ministers.

The Council of Ministers of a state is responsible for the elected

legislative assembly of the states and other problems on the regional level

such as education and health (Netscape n.p.).

The Legislative branch of the Union, called the Parliament, includes

the President, Rajya Sabha or Council of Ministers and the Lok Sabha or

House of People. All legislation requires the advice of both house of the

Parliament. But in the case of money bills, the Lok Sabha is what will

dominate. The Rajya Sabha has 245 members, Out of these, 233

represent states and territories. The other 12 members are nominated by

the president. Elections to the Rajya Sabha are by the members of the

Legislative assemblies of the affected states. One third of its members

retire every year. Lok Sabha consists of 545 members. Of these, two are

chosen by the president to represent The Parliament of India (Netscape

n.p.).

Indian Judicial System roots from British law. In the Judicial

System, the Supreme Court has the most power. The supreme court

includes the Chief justice and no more than 25 other judges picked by the

president. They hold office until the age of 65. ?The president may

consult the supreme court on any question of fact or public importance.?

The next in power are the High Courts. There are 18 High Courts in the

country, three of which have jurisdiction over more than one state. Of

the territories, Delhi has a High Court of its own. The other six

territories are under jurisdiction of different High Courts. The Chief

Justice of a High Court is appointed by the president, with the help of

the Chief Justice of India and the Governor of the state. High Court

judges retire at the age of 62 (Netscape n.p.).

The local or community government functions belong to the village

councils, or panchayats. A village council is elected by the village

members. The local government serves in the middle between villages

and state territorial governments (Netscape n.p.).

History

During World War I, Indian troops served the British. In 1919,

Britain passed a reform, providing for provincial councils of Indians with

some powers of supervision over agriculture, education, and public health.

The extreme nationalists, led by Mohandas K. Gandhi, gained control of the

Congress (Netscape n.p.). Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869, in

Porbandar, near Bombay. His family belonged to the Hindu caste, Vaisya

which was a merchant caste. Gandhi was married when he was only 13 years

old. When he was 19, his family sent him to study law at university college

in London. Gandhi was discriminated against in London because he was an

Indian. In his lonely hours he studied philosophy. While reading he

discovered nonviolent disobedience in the book Civil Disobedience by Henry

David Thoreau. He later worked in Southern Africa to improve the rights

of the immigrant Indians. While in South Africa, he developed his idea of

nonviolent resistance. He had improved many lives of the Indians living in

Southern Africa before he went back to India with his wife and children

(Compton?s n.p.). Not long after he returned to India, he started fighting

for India’s independence from Britain. When Muslims and Hindus

committed acts of violence against Britain, he fasted until the fighting

stopped. ?India’s independence came in 1947 it was not a military victory

but a victory of human will? (Netscape n.p.). However, the country was

broken into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan. He spent the last two months

of his life trying to end the violence which continued by fasting until on the

edge of death, which finally stopped the riots. The Congress part quickly

followed after thousands of people joined Gandhi’s civil disobedience

campaigns. Rioting broke out when the Parliaments didn’t place any Indians

on the Simon Commission, which was appointed in 1927 to investigate the

government of India. Gandhi and his followers were imprisoned in 1929,

and Jawaharlal Nehru was elected president of the Congress. Like Gandhi,

Nehru was devoted to the cause of freedom. But unlike Gandhi, he wanted

to bring modern technology and industrialization to India (Compton?s n.p.).

When World War II broke out, the congress demanded freedom

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