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exchanges recorded these coded ” conversations “. Information about Japanese interests in the plots was not given to Admiral Kimmel and General Short. Because those accused of incompetence after the attack on Pearl Harbor believed that the maximum security surrounding Magic was a factor, they believed that they were unjustly accused. For patriotic reasons, they kept silent until after the war. But then they argued that if they had known the secret information to their superiors, they would have acted differently. Fear that the Japanese would discover the American secret through some leak, they said, led to the withholding of vital security information which intern led to the successful attack on Pearl Harbor. After the war , Admiral Kimmel and General Short claimed that the messages from the ” Bomb plot ” series were deliberately withheld from the Hawaiian command. When they were free to discuss Magic, they testified before congressional committees that they should have had the information. Kimmel told one committee, ” I can say without reservation whatsoever that it would have changed my ideas completely and every one of my staff ” to have known of Japanese consular reports on the pattern of battleship arrivals in the harbor. Lieutenant Commander Charles C Hiles also believes that the information could have been useful, Hiles was an intelligence officer during the war. In 1966, he wrote to Harry Elmer Barnes that ” the first bomb plot message and the consulate’s reply told the whole story, any Intelligence Officer then and now, who could not figure this out should be taken out and hung ” (Bachrach 97). A 1946 congressional investigating committee stated in its majority report that ” Since they indicated a particular interest in the Pacific Fleet’s base, this intelligence should have been appreciated and supplied to the Hawaiian command for their assistance ” (Bachrah 97). One intelligence officer, Laurence Frye Safford, who had worked on breaking Purple along with Friedman, called the failure to send the information to Hawaii ” a deliberate act of treason on the part of Marshall and others ” (Bachrach 98). In the words of Gordon Prange, ” If Washington is to be condemned it is for failure to evaluate properly what information they did have ” (Bachrach 99). The worst disaster in the military annals of the United States had ushered us into World War II. The United States had played a very minor role in World War II up to 1941, when the attack shocked the country into action. President Roosevelt, Congress, and the American people were abruptly united in determination to take revenge on Japan. The United States government, its military leaders, and its commanders in Hawaii had had sufficient information to be adequately warned that an attack was possible, and had had time to be prepared to blunt the blow. The information was ignored; the preparations were inadequate.

Bachrach, Deborah. Pearl Harbor – Opposing Viewpoints.California : Greenhaven Press, Inc. 1989. Clausen, henry C. and Bruce Lee. Pearl Harbor – Final Judgement,New York : Crown Publishers, Inc., 1986. Dupuy, T.N. Colonel. “Who Blundered?” American Heritage.1962 ed. Griess, Thomas E. The second World War. New Jersey : AveryPublishing Group Inc.,1984. Prang, Gordon W. et al. Pearl Harbor – The Verdict of History. New York : McGraw – Hill Book Co., 1986