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the process learn enough to initiate the same type of business after they marry. The daughter usually starts helping her mother with her business around the age of nine or ten doing small but helpful jobs. By the time the daughter reaches puberty she is a competent and efficient worker. It is at this time that their daughters are a valuable asset. During the daughters teenage years the business is at its peak production. When the daughter marries at 19 or 20 the mother daughter arrangement ends as the new bride turns her attention to her new home, and then the mother must rely on the younger daughters to help with the family business. Then the older daughter becomes an asset to her new mother-in-law. The use of family members is very important for their business. Children replace workers that otherwise may need to be hired to run the business. Family members usually are more efficient and the families probably could not bare the financial expense of hired workers.

Women in the work force have problems, but they also have problems within their families as well. The female as we have seen is depended on for financial income. At the same time the female has extended responsibilities and concerns at home. Along with working outside the home the female is generally the care taker in raising the children and doing domestic chores around the home. In general the females control the families domestic budget but this seems to be dropping with the rising standard of living of the town.

Stable marriages are rare, women believe, due to the inevitable failings of men whom they consider to be hopelessly unreliable. Women of Latin America believe men do their best to live up to their insensitive macho behavior. Men believe they do not need to explain their intemperate behavior. Many Latin American men grow up to expect servitude and obedience from their wives. Women are socialized to fulfill their subordinate, long-suffering roles passively, accepting male responsibility, wickedness, and foolishness as their destiny. Thus, women enter into a marital union expecting the worse from their spouses. Expected to succumb to his domination, she is both defenseless and immobilized.

More and more Latin American women with time are acting to protect their own interests. More educated women are demanding more equality in marriage through the use of birth control. While they value the maternal role they are understanding the rising costs of having children and want more from the marital relationship than motherhood. They want their husbands to respect and trust them, and to forego extramarital affairs and other forms of abuse.

Today in Rio de Janeiro there are five police stations that exist solely to handle crimes against women. While Brazil has advanced from military dictatorship toward democracy violence against women remains endemic. The first national study of the problem, in 1992, reported an average of 337 assaults on women daily.

Feminists in Brazil in 1985 made a serious gain with the establishment of the women s police stations. Feminists moved for this because they believe male policemen don t take wife beating seriously. They see it as a domestic argument that has nothing to do with them and is certainly not a crime. On paper, Brazil s women have made great gains in recent years. The country s 1988 constitution bans discrimination against women, requires the state to combat violence against them and mandates 120 days of maternity leave. In reality there still remains traditional theories of women s behavior and much discrimination.

Works Cited

Barros, Richard, Louise Fox, and Rosane. Female-headed households, poverty, and the welfare of children in urban Brazil. International Center for Research on Women September (1993): 1-8.

Ehlers ,Tracy Bachrach, Silent Looms ,Westview Press, 1990.

Paolisso, Michael and Sally W. Yudelman, Women, Poverty, and the environment in Latin America International Center For Research on Women, September (1991):1-16.

Robinson, Linda and Jack Epstein, Battered by the Myth of Machismo, U.S. News & World Reports, 4 April 1994, 40-41.

Rosenberg , Mark B. , A.Douglas Kincaid, and Kathleen Logan, Americas, Oxford University Press, 1992.

No author mentioned, Still Paving the Way , Hispanic, March 1994, 80.



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