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uses the temperature difference between Sun-warmed surface water and cold water from the ocean depths to produce power. Geothermal energy taps the heat within the earth–either directly, by using naturally heated groundwater, as in Iceland, or by injecting water that is heated by hot interior rocks. The geothermal heat pump captures the solar heat retained by the earth. Water-filled coils of pipe are buried 1 m (3 ft) underground, and the heated water is passed to the pump, where the heat is compressed and distributed.

The utilization of the immense force of ocean tides to generate electricity is yet another form of solar energy (see tidal energy). By installing turbines that are powered by the inflow and outflow of tidal waters–within a narrow estuary, for example–this force can be made to produce large amounts of usable energy, at no environmental cost.