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justices now insisted that desegregation must go ahead with “all deliberate speed.” Following up the breakthrough court decision, came the Civil Rights Acts, the first passed since Reconstruction. The Civil Rights Act of 1957 established the Commission on Civil Rights to investigate charges of denied civil rights. It also created the Civil Rights Division in the Department of Justice to enforce federal civil rights laws and regulations. The Civil Rights Act of 1960 provided for the appointment of referees to help blacks register to vote, likewise the Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed literacy test in many southern states. In 1964, a Civil Rights Act was passed that ordered restaurants, hotels, and other businesses that serve the general public to serve all people without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin. It also barred discrimination by employers and unions, and established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to enforce fair employment practices. In addition, the act provided for a cutoff of federal funds from any program or activity that allowed racial discrimination. The Civil Rights Act of 1964, passed in the Kennedy/Johnson era, was by far the climax of the civil rights movement. With this act, Jim Crow laws in any shape or form, by any person or business, were now illegal. Completing the civil rights legislation passed in the 60’s was the Civil Rights Act of 1968. It aimed chiefly at ending discrimination in the sale or rental of housing. One December day, in 1955, Mrs. Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat in a “whites only” section of a public bus, leading to her arrest. Outraged blacks all over America, led by the 27 year old Reverend Martin Luther King Jr., boycotted Montgomery buses all over America. In 1957, King also formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in order to mobilize the vast power of the black churches on behalf of black rights. By organizing peaceful protests and giving motivating speeches, King truly was the most effective leader of the Civil Rights Revolution of the 1960’s.

The civil rights movement of the late 1800’s and early 1900’s was a significant time period for blacks and women, but it cannot compare with the progress made for the black race during the civil rights movement of the 1960’s. During Reconstruction, favorable legislation was passed for blacks, but the turn of the century brought back the old ways of the government before the war, with discriminating actions such as Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), Jim Crow Laws, and the ignorance of black voting rights. The legislation passed in the 1960’s included the overturn of the hated Plessy v. Ferguson case, and laws outlining the complete integration of blacks with the rest of society with laws such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Leaders of the civil rights movement of the late 1800’s and early 1900’s were not as involved, motivated, or as organized as the leaders of the civil rights movement of the 1960’s. While Booker T. Washington was successful in helping blacks catapult themselves into contention with whites economically, he lacked the desire to lead blacks to social equality. W.E.B. Du Bois did attempt to lead blacks into social equality, but he lacked adequate support from the black majority. Civil rights leaders of the 1960’s, eg. Martin Luther King Jr., gathered large numbers of supporters during speeches, encouraging active participation in protests for the social, economical, and political equality for blacks.

Through the work of the abolitionists before the war, civil rights water sheds were established during Reconstruction. These achievements were significant, but short lived. However, during the post war 1960’s, with all the new technology being introduced, Americans also looked to modernize their opinions and perspectives. The goals achieved in black rights in the 1960’s could not have been reached without the foundation established the late 1800’s and early 1900’s provided. An opposing view suggests that the Civil Rights Revolution of the 60’s led to reverse discrimination that some whites complain about today.



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