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Latency is a type of distortion. Many times it is called propagation delay. With the global reach of networks latency can, and is a serious problem. TCP/IP and other devices have a problem with latency many times. When a large delay happens, the data will simply die, and not reach it’s destination.

Harmonic Distortion is very specific to radio propagation. Harmonics are defined as a repetitive nonsinusoidal waveform is composed of a fundamental frequency and harmonic frequencies. Out of the fundamental frequency odd harmonics and even harmonics will be produced. For example if a 1Khz digital fundamental waveform is propagated the odd harmonics produced would be signals at 3KHz 5KHz 7KHz and so on. Even Harmonics are similar, if a 2MHz Wave is keyed you would get a 4MHz and 8MHz etc. signals transmitted as well. See Fig. 3.

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Figure 3 Harmonic Distortion

Jitter is another type of distortion that commonly occurs is data transmission. Jitter is frequency oriented noise distortion. Jitter poses problems with clocking incoming signals on the receiving station, and Sync control while frequency hopping.

Crosstalk is a type of distortion that occurs with analog, and sometimes digital signals when a voltage is induced on surrounding wires. Since every wire carrying electrical current has a rotating magnetic field. This can be demonstrated by the right hand rule. When holding your right hand in a fist with your thumb sticking up, your thumb shows the current flow and your fingers show the direction of the rotating magnetic field. The action of cutting a wire through lines of magnetic flux, or magnetic fields collapsing and building through another wire will cause a voltage, or current flow induced onto that wire. Since this is an

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element of basic electronic theory, and could probably not be covered in this paper alone I won’t go any further.

Fading is another distortion type, when a signal becomes weaker, generally due to atmospheric conditions. In some bands of the radio spectrum Tropospheric propogation is a serious factor in transmission. This result can be seen with your home radio. The sun reduces the elevation of the Ionosphere (a field of excited particles in the atmosphere) during the day, but at night the ionosphere rises again allowing radio waves of large wavelength to go many times further than during the day, because of Tropospheric bounce ( where radio waves are transmitted bounce between the ionosphere, and the ground, allowing long distance communication.) That is why Short wave radio can be heard around the world. This phenomenon is most prevalent around the 14MHZ range. Solar activity will affect most any radio transmission, sunspots, rain, and snow will affect microwave communication especially. Particulate matter will affect microwave more than lower frequency transmissions, because of its narrow wavelength it has closer properties to light waves (line of sight).

Interference is an obvious distortion in signal quality as well. Interference results from other transmissions no matter what transmission medium used.

Antenna systems are also a key element in the microwave system. Omnidirectional Dipole Antennas provide 360? coverage. These types of systems

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are typically mounted on a mast. Omni Antennas have a very narrow elevation when dealing with microwave transmissions, both the height and distance separation between the two sites mist be taken into consideration when selecting this type of antenna.

Parabolic Dish antennas provide high gain directional transmissions. Parabolic antennas provide narrow sectorization, and are quite hard to align.

Sector Panel antennas are the best choice when several wide angle coverage sectors are needed (typically seen cell towers) There is normaly a drop in antenna gain at 90?, so the antenna coverage needs to be overlapped.

There are many vendors that provide Microwave networking systems. I have had significant experience with several systems in the military specifically several of Lucent Technologies microwave systems. Many systems offered are Point-to-Multipoint wireless access systems capable of supporting hundreds of remote sites (with a single computer) The system I have worked with in the military employed frequency hopping, spread spectrum technology and was stackable providing up to 600 terminals per antenna location with up to a 3.2Mbps speed on each node.

Imagine being able to listen to a radio station in Germany while you are in your car in Nebraska, Cellular phones that can interact with PCs running Windows CE. This may well be the reality in just a couple of years. Semens and

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Proxim have partnered to provide seamless networking in the home, while Qualcomm is developing a more usable wireless CE device that links to the internet, anywhere in the US, Oh did I mention it’s a phone too. CBS MarketWatch claims that the partnership between Siemens and Proxim will initiate more rapid adoption of integrated voice and data solutions resulting in greater flexiblility and convenience for home network users. Standardized solutions might bring a new age of simplified communications and location independence for people in the home, or office.

Qualcomm has partnered with Microsoft and Lucent Technologies recently to develop more usable web browsing phones. Qualcomm is developing a third generation system of CDMA or Code Division Multiple Access multiplexing. This new system has been optimized for high-speed data throughput on standard IP protocol. Qualcomm specifies peak rate at 2.4Mbps data transfer with a 1.25MHz channel Bandwidth for fixed, portable, and mobile applications. This system already supports web browsing, e-commerce, e-mail, mobile e-commerce, while offering users always on access that

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