Читать курсовая по английскому: "Types of subordinate clauses in the English language" Страница 3

(Назад) (Cкачать работу)

«Faraday discovered that electricity moves through wire.» In this sentence, conductivity of wire is not mentioned, but it is described as the 'object' of the sentence. This sentence has two independent clauses:first independent clause:» Faraday discovered that». In this sentence 'that» is a clause marker acting as the object of the sentence.second independent clause, «the electricity moves through wire», replaces the object «that» and carries a complete thought.above two clauses are independent because they both have a subject and verb, and impart a complete thought thus an stand alone.difference between a clause and a phrase is that a phrase does not contain a finite verb.data, mentioned above, are summed up in Table 1, given below [27].

Table 1. Types of clauses

1.3 Specific features of subordination

on the relationship that holds between the clauses within multiple sentences we distinguish between compound and complex sentences. Downing & Locke [26, p. 279] distinguish two kinds of relationship between clauses in a multiple sentence:) the syntactic (structural) relationship of interdependency in which clauses are related to each other basically in one of two ways: the relationship is either of equivalence (the clauses have the same syntactic status) or the relationship is one of non-equivalence (the clauses have different status). When clauses are linked in a relationship of equivalence, we say that the relationship is paratactic. This type of linking is often treated as equivalent of coordination. On the other hand, when units of unequal status are related, we say that the relationship is hypotactic. In hypotactically related clauses, one clause is syntactically and semantically subordinated to another or to a series of clauses.) the logico-semantic relations, which are varied since they represent the way the speaker/writer sees the connections to be made between one clause and another. These connections do not simply link clauses within a complex clause, but also clauses within a paragraph and paragraphs within a text. As Downing & Locke state, connection is, therefore, a discourse phenomenon. These logico-semantic relations are of two kinds, that of expansion (the nuclear situation is expanded by means of other situation) and projection (a situation is ‘projected through a verb of saying or thinking)., generally considered to be an index of structural complexity in language, has been studied by a number of grammarians. Thompson [29] claims that ‘subordination’ treats as a single phenomenon all clauses which are not independent clauses.to Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, Svartvik’s A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language (CGEL), subordination is a feature of a complex sentence [21]. It is a way of joining clauses of unequal status, where the independent clause is superordinate to the dependent clause(s), and he says that it is a misleading term and doesn’t accept it as a grammatical category at all but rather as a «negative term which lumps together all deviations from some ‘main clause’ norm».

(i) He told me [main-super ordinate to (ii)], which depends on the main clause for its meaning. Semantically, the information contained in the subordinate clause is often presented as back grounded or presupposed in relation to the information contained in the superordinate clause (independent). A clause may enter into more than one relationship, it may be subordinate to one clause and super ordinate to another (ibid. 14.3).

(ii) that Peter wouldn’t go there [subordinate to (i) - super ordinate to (iii)]

(iii) unless they invite him. [subordinate to (ii)]complex sentence is then a structure consisting of one independent clause that can stand alone as a sentence, and of one or more dependent clauses functioning as an element of the sentence. The subordinate clause, on the other hand, cannot stand alone (see the examples below):

[1] I was really very surprised because Tom arrived early in the morning.

[2] John will lend you his car if you need it.

[3] That he didn’t know about it was not an excuse.

[4] She said that the test was not easy at all.

The embedded clauses in sentences 1 - 4 function as constituents of the super ordinate clause (a clause of which a constituent is realized by another clause). However, Downing & Locke [26,

Похожие работы