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Contents Introduction

1. Climate change risks for energy sector companies and climate change governmental and institutional policies impact on energy companies operations

1.1 Climate change risks for energy sector companies

1.2 Climate change governmental and institutional policies impact on energy companies activities: incentives to switch to renewable energies

2. Energy companies reactions to climate change issues: PR strategies and business decisions

2.1 "Total" case study

2.2 "Engie" (ex-"GDF Suez”) case study

2.3 "Areva" case study

3. Climate change adaptation strategies for international energy companies

3.1 Impediments to transformation for energy sector companies

3.2 Climate change adaptation strategies for international energy companies

Conclusion

References

Appendix

Climate change problem is one of the most topical issues nowadays. Environmental organizations and the countries’ presidents, CEOs of the companies and even actors receiving the Oscar awards - all of them are referring to the climate change problem in their speeches. In 2016 world economy forum in Davos climate change was for the first time addressed as the major threat to the world economy. It was considered to have greater potential damage than weapons of mass destruction, water crises and large-scale involuntary migration.climate change issues are discussed on a global level by the countries’ leaders. Recently the Climate Conference in Paris (COP21) has been held. The conclusions of the Conference will definitely affect lives of people all over the world, since 196 parties are going to sign the Paris Agreement.it is impossible to imagine the modern economy without the global energy market. The fuel and energy complex plays a prominent role in the economy of every country ensuring its development and providing fuel and electricity for all industries. Hence, the problem of energy supply becomes a key issue for each independent country as well as for the whole world. However, it is energy sector which is usually considered to be the major contributor to climate change because of amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions the industry causes. It means that energy companies should adjust their businesses to climate change policy by implementing adaptation strategies and even refocusing their activity.this research three French companies were chosen: "Total”, "Engie" and "Areva”. France can be addressed as one of the most developed countries as regards to energy sector and energy policies: the first public places of Paris were provided with electricity in 1877 and in the beginning of the XX-th century the construction of the first hydropower stations was held. Being the Europe’s largest producer and the net exporter of electricity, France has an experience in energy sector, which is impossible to overestimate. Besides, the main energy policies focuses of the country were rather controversial for a long period of time: nuclear sector development from the one side was accompanied by energy saving technologies and renewable energies (solar, wind, geothermal, etc.) promotion. As all three companies are closely connected to the government of the country (either through the state’s existing or former stakes or through collaboration and joint projects) it is quite important to analyze these companies activities and policies related to the environment and climate change.goal of the research is to examine how energy companies adapt to climate change addressing it as a risk and which strategies they choose to minimize this risk.order to achieve this goal the following objectives were set:

· to systematize the basic risks the energy sector companies can face as well as their possible reactions;

· to review the major institutional and global agreements on climate change and to analyze their impact on energy companies’ activities;

· to analyze the peculiarities of three French international energy companies policies, projects and commitments in climate change adaptation;

· to retrace the main criticism from environmental organizations as regards to these companies’ activities;

· to reveal the major impediments for a deep transformation of energy sector companies;

· to suggest an adaptation strategy for energy sector companies.

The object of this work can be marked as climate change risks for international energy companies. The subject, in turn, reflects the main strategies implemented by major French energy companies to minimize climate change risks. Finally, the hypothesis of this research can be interfered in the following assumption: international energy companies have the constraints to refocus their businesses, to transform for climate change adaptation so their current activities and policies are inconsistent and insufficient to mitigate climate change consequences.confirm or to refute this hypothesis the following methods were used:

· In the theoretical part of the research a deep analysis of the existing relevant literature was conducted. In particular, various publications by economists, scientists and journalists were consulted. Furthermore, the second subchapter of the theoretical part included the review of the institutional policies and global agreements, such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Climate Change Agreement.

· In the analytical part of the research qualitative and quantitative analyses were implemented for each case study. The former included the research of the companies’ websites and official publications (reports, policies, press releases) as well as provided criticism from ecologists and environmental organizations. The latter comprised carbon dioxide emissions dynamics and current investment in renewable

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