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represent the specific pronunciation of any individual or of any particular speech community. Thus they allow people from different speech communities to pronounce words correctly in their native dialect. In the discussions that follow, the term long vowel can refer to any of the following sounds: ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), (ä), and ( ); it can also refer to the diphthongs (ou) and (oi). The term short vowel can refer to any of these sounds: ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), and ( ). A full pronunciation key can be found at Pronunciation Symbols. 1. a2. aberrant3. acumen4. -ade5. aerate6. affluence affluent7. -age8. agoraphobia9. ague10. albumen albumin11. alms12. alumni alumnae13. analogous14. anesthetist15. angina16. Antarctic17. apartheid18. aplomb19. arctic / Arctic20. argot21. ask22. assimilation23. asterisk24. athlete25. auxiliary26. banal27. barbiturate28. blackguard29. boatswain30. bogeyman31. bouquet32. bowline33. breeches34. brooch35. bulimia36. buoy37. C38. cabal39. cache40. cadre41. catacomb42. Celt / Celtic43. centenary44. cerebral45. Ch46. choleric47. clique48. clothes49. colander50. comptroller51. conch52. coupon53. covert54. culinary55. dais56. debacle57. deify / deity58. demagogic demagogy59. despicable60. desultory61. diphtheria62. diphthong63. disastrous64. disparate65. dissect66. dissimilation67. doughty68. dour69. dwarf70. ebullience ebullient71. -ed72. either73. envelope74. environment75. epoch76. err77. escalator78. escape79. espresso / expresso80. et cetera81. exquisite82. February83. flaccid84. forecastle85. formidable86. forte87. fulminant fulminate88. fulsome89. fungi90. G91. genealogy92. genuine93. genus94. gerrymander95. gibberish96. governor97. grievous98. gunwale99. H100. harass101. hegemony102. height103. heinous104. herb105. hoof106. hovel / hover107. impious108. inherence / inherent109. integral110. interest111. intrusion112. inveigle113. jewelry114. junta115. juvenilia116. kerchief117. kilometer118. kudos119. L120. lasso121. leeward122. leisure123. length124. library125. lived126. lower / lour127. machinate128. mainsail129. mauve130. mayoral131. metathesis132. millenary133. mineralogy134. mischievous135. moot136. mores137. naphtha naphthalene138. neither139. niche140. nuclear141. often142. ophthalmia143. -or144. panegyric145. penalize146. poinsettia147. portentous148. posthumous149. potpourri150. primer151.pronunciation spelling152. prosody153. pumpkin154. quark155. quasi156. quay157. quixotic158. ration159. Realtor160. remonstrate161. renaissance Renaissance162. renege163. renown164. ribald165. roof166. row167. sarcophagi168. scarify169. schism170. scone171. secretive172. sheik173. shone174. similar175. sloth176. sonorous177. spelling pronunciation178. spontaneity179. strength180. the181. tomato182. topgallant topmast topsail183. trauma184. troth185. valet186. vase187. victual188. whilst189. wizen190. Xmas191. zoo- / zo-2.2 Pronunciation Challenges Pronunciation Challenges Confusions and Controversy Differences Between American and British English While there are certainly many more varieties of English, American and British English are the two varieties that are taught in most ESL/EFL2 programs. Generally, it is agreed that no one version is "correct" however, there are certainly preferences in use. The most important rule of thumb is to try to be consistent in your usage. If you decide that you want to use American English spellings then be consistent in your spelling (i.e. The color of the orange is also its flavour - color is American spelling and flavour is British), this is of course not always easy - or possible. The following guide is meant to point out the principal differences between these two varieties of English. 2.2.1 Use of the Present Perfect In British English the present perfect is used to express an action that has occurred in the recent past that has an effect on the present moment. For example: I've lost my key. Can you help me look for it? In American English the following is also possible: I lost my key. Can you help me look for it? In British English the above would be considered incorrect. However, both forms are generally accepted in standard American English. Other differences involving the use of the present perfect in British English and simple past in American English include already, just and yet. British English: I've just had lunch I've already seen that film Have you finished your homework yet? American English: I just had lunch OR I've just had lunch I've already seen that film OR I already saw that film. Have your finished your homework yet? OR Did you finish your homework yet? 2.2.2 Possession There are two forms to express possession in English. Have or Have got Do you have a car? Have you got a car? He hasn't got any friends. He doesn't have any friends. She has a beautiful new home. She's got a beautiful new home. While both forms are correct (and accepted in both British and American English), have got (have you got, he hasn't got, etc.) is generally the preferred form in British English while most speakers of American English employ the have (do you have, he doesn't have etc.)3 2.2.3 The Verb Get The past participle of the verb get is gotten in American English. Example He's gotten much better at playing tennis. British English - He's got much better at playing tennis. 2.2.4 Vocabulary Probably the major differences between British and American English lies in the choice of vocabulary. Some words mean different things in the two varieties for example: Mean: (American English - angry, bad humored, British English - not generous, tight fisted) Rubber: (American English - condom, British English - tool used to erase pencil markings) There are many more examples (too many for me to list here). If there is a difference in usage, your dictionary will note the different meanings in its definition of the term. Many vocabulary