Читать курсовая по английскому: "Functions of Latin and Scandinavian Military Borrowings in Modern English" Страница 2

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differ:methods.) direct, which a word has come straightly from one language to another one.) indirect, through one or several intermediary languages.ways.) transcription (phonetic way). The word’s sound form is kept by the receiving language, e.g. “boutique”, “ballet”.) transliteration. The way of writing the word is borrowed. The letters change for the letters of the receiving tongue, e.g. “sputnik” or many Greek words.) calque/loan translation. The components of the word or a collocation are translated apart and then joined as in the original word/collocation, e.g. French “gratte-ciel” which was formed after the English “skyscraper”.types of assimilation.) completely assimilated. They do not have an aura of foreign words. Also the verbs that belong to the completely assimilated group of borrowings are usually regular (e.g. punish - punished). Nouns that have assimilated completely have their plural form ending with the s-inflexion (e.g. sack - sacks). In completely assimilated loanwords from French the stress is no longer on the last syllable.) polysemantic borrowings. They have been transferred from other languages not fully: only one meaning has been brought into the receiving language (e.g. a loanword «sputnik» is used in English only in the meaning of an orbital spaceship, while in its mother tongue Russian it has also got a meaning of a person that accompanies someone).) partly assimilated borrowings. This group itself consists of several sub-groups:

) Borrowings that are not assimilated semantically, for they name objects and notions from a specific country which are not common in any other place in the world e.g. sari, vodka, flamenco, taiga, etc.

) Borrowings that are not assimilated grammatically. For example, such are those nouns that came from Latin and Greek. They keep their plural Latin/Greek forms, e.g. bacteria - bacterium, datum - data, octopus - octopi, etc.

) Borrowings that are not assimilated phonetically. To this sub-group belong those words that begin with sounds [v] and [z], e.g. volume, zebra. In native-English words these consonants are used only in between vowels (the intervocalic position) as allophones of sounds [f] and [s] (loss - lose, life - live). Scandinavian borrowings tend to have consonants and combinations of consonants which are not palatalized, e.g. [sk] in the words: sky, skate, ski, etc., while in the native words the sound are palatalized; sounds [k] and [g] before front vowels are not palatalized e.g. girl, get, give, kid, kill, kettle, while in the native words they are also palatalized, e.g. German, child.French borrowings have kept the stress on the last syllable as in words bizarre, giraffe, baroque and cartoon. Some French borrowings have kept special combinations of sounds, e.g. [a:3] in the words: camouflage, bourgeois; some of them have kept the combination of sounds [wa:] in the words: memoir, boulevard.

) Borrowings that are partly assimilated graphically, e.g. in Greek borrowings “y” can be spelled in the middle of the word instead of “i” (e.g. etymology, gymnasium), “ph” denotes the sound [f] (geography, hemisphere, euphoria), “ch” denotes the sound [k] (mechanic, monarchy),”ps” denotes the sound [s] (psychosis, psychiatry).

) Borrowings that are called foreign words and collocations. These borrowings have not changed at all and they have kept their foreign face: their phonetic and grammatical structures. For example, a French war-term “meleé”, which denotes a confused fight, or another French war-term “coup de grace”, which means “the final blow”, or a well-known French phrase: “C’est la vie!” (mostly in Russian).English language has received a lot of foreign words. Most of them are of French origin, because of the great number of wars and more or less peaceful contacts with this country. Though there are many words that have come to English from such languages as Latin, German, Arabic, Chinese, Russian, etc. Wars had a great influence, of course, but even more influence was caused by the period of invasions into Britain. The invaders brought their own language with them and through interaction with the locals many a foreign word lingered, stayed and through the course of the times became an assimilated (or not) borrowing.words have been integrated into the English language in miscellaneous spheres, one of the biggest being the military one. Most of the military borrowings became what is known to be a war “term”. 1.3 The word and the term

best definition of the word is as follows: the word is a fundamental semantic-structural unit of the language, which is used as a principal carrier of meaning.its turn, the term expresses a strict notion and is expressed by a word in the language but, unlike the word, the term does not only express a meaning but simultaneously specializes it. Here, is where the most controversial moment lies: what is the difference between an ordinary word and a term and how to determinate the latter., there exist terms-collocations: terms that consist of several components. Scientists single out three types of terms-collocations.first type is represented by a term-collocation in which both words belong to specialized vocabulary. The second type is represented by three variants of terms-collocations, which are:

. Those, in which only one component is a technical term and the other belongs to vernacular vocabulary.

. Those, in which the first component (the adjective) has a specialized meaning in a specific scientific

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